Several medications, including antidepressants, focus on this reuptake procedure. Cleaning it up: Astrocytes also remove what remains after a nerve cell dies, and also surplus potassium ions, which are substances that play an essential part in neurological function. Regulating blood circulation: The brain requires a certain level of blood flow to all of its various regions to complete tasks and interpret all the information that it receives properly.
An active region receives more than one that is inactive. Microglia: Microglia are small glial cells, as the name implies. Microglia are on the lookout for signs of damage and sickness. Microglia lead to inflammation as part of the process of healing when they react to harm. Further than that, microglia are thought to play an important part in performing many duties, including roles in learning-associated plasticity and directing brain growth, in which they play a significant housekeeping position.
The brains form a plethora of interconnected nerve cells that allow data to be transferred back and forth. In reality, the brain produces far more than we require, which is inefficient.
Radial Glia: Radial glia is thought to be a kind of stem cell, which means they generate new cells. They also supplied scaffolding for nerve cells that were continuing to develop when a person was just an embryo, all thanks to long fibres that direct and guide young brain cells into position as the brain shapes. Because of their duties as stem cells, particularly as nerve cell originators, they have become the topic of studies into how to rebuild harm inflicted on the brain by injury or illness.
They also play a significant role in neuroplasticity later on in life. Oligodendrocytes: Oligodendrocytes are formed by neural stem cells. Their primary function is to aid in the movement of information along axons. Oligodendrocytes have the appearance of spikey balls. There are white, shiny membranes that enclose the axons of nerve cells on the tips of their spikes. Their function is to form a protective layer.
The myelin sheath is the name given to this protective layer. However, the sheath is not continuous. Ependymal cells: Ependymal cells are best known for forming the ependyma, which is a thin membrane that lines the central canal of the spinal cord and the ventricles of the brain. They also produce cerebrospinal fluid and play a role in the Blood-brain barrier. Ependymal cells are incredibly tiny and form the surface by lining up firmly together. They possess cilia inside the ventricles, which resemble small hairs, moving in back and forth motion to circulate cerebrospinal fluid.
Schwann Cells: Schwann cells are named after Theodor Schwann, a physiologist who explored them. They act similarly to oligodendrocytes in the sense that they supply myelin sheaths for axons, but they are found in the peripheral nervous system PNS instead of the central nervous system CNS.
Schwann cells form spirals directly all around the axon rather than being a central cell with membranes at the tips of their arms. The nodes of Ranvier are located between them, much like the nodes of Ranvier are located between the membranes of oligodendrocytes, and they similarly aid in nerve conduction. Linking oligodendrocyte and myelin dysfunction to neurocircuitry abnormalities in schizophrenia. Prog Neurobiol. Mitochondria, oligodendrocytes and inflammation in bipolar disorder: evidence from transcriptome studies points to intriguing parallels with multiple sclerosis.
Neurobiol Dis. Association between Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis and early demyelination and oligodendrocyte dysfunction. Neural Regen Res.
Schwann cell transplantation for spinal cord injury repair: its significant therapeutic potential and prospectus. Rev Neurosci. Glial cells and chronic pain. Kriegstein A, Alvarez-Buylla A. The glial nature of embryonic and adult neural stem cells. Annu Rev Neurosci. Evidence for a role of connexin 43 in trigeminal pain using RNA interference in vivo. J Neurophysiol. Your Privacy Rights. To change or withdraw your consent choices for VerywellHealth.
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We and our partners process data to: Actively scan device characteristics for identification. I Accept Show Purposes. Your central nervous system CNS is made up of your brain and the nerves of your spinal column. Astrocytes The most common type of glial cell in the central nervous system is the astrocyte, which is also called astroglia. These include: Forming the blood-brain barrier BBB : The BBB is like a strict security system, only letting in substances that are supposed to be in your brain while keeping out things that could be harmful.
This filtering system is essential for keeping your brain healthy. Regulating neurotransmitters : Neurons communicate via chemical messengers called neurotransmitters. This reuptake process is the target of numerous medications, including anti-depressants. Cleaning up : Astrocytes also clean up what's left behind when a neuron dies, as well as excess potassium ions, which are chemicals that play an important role in nerve function.
An active region gets more than an inactive one. Synchronizing the activity of axons : Axons are long, thread-like parts of neurons and nerve cells that conduct electricity to send messages from one cell to another. Brain energy metabolism and homeostasis : Astrocytes regulate metabolism in the brain by storing glucose from the blood and provide this as fuel for neurons.
This is one of their most important roles. Astrocyte dysfunction has been potentially linked to numerous neurodegenerative diseases, including: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ALS or Lou Gehrig's disease Huntington's chorea Parkinson's disease. Oligodendrocytes Oligodendrocytes come from neural stem cells. Microglia As their name suggests, microglia are tiny glial cells. Along with Alzheimer's, illnesses that may be linked to microglial dysfunction include: Fibromyalgia Chronic neuropathic pain Autism spectrum disorders Schizophrenia Microglia are believed to have many jobs beyond that, including roles in learning-associated plasticity and guiding the development of the brain, in which they have an important housekeeping function.
Ependymal Cells Ependymal cells are primarily known for making up a membrane called the ependyma, which is a thin membrane lining the central canal of the spinal cord and the ventricles passageways of the brain. Radial Glia Radial glia are believed to be a type of stem cell , meaning that they create other cells. Schwann Cells Schwann cells are named for physiologist Theodor Schwann, who discovered them.
Diseases involving Schwann cells include: Guillain-Barre' syndrome Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease Schwannomatosis Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy Leprosy We've had some promising research on transplanting Schwann cells for spinal cord injury and other types of peripheral nerve damage. Satellite Cells Satellite cells get their name from the way they surround certain neurons, with several satellites forming a sheath around the cellular surface. They're also believed to help transport several neurotransmitters and other substances, including: Glutamate GABA Norepinephrine Adenosine triphosphate Substance P Capsaicin Acetylcholine Satellite cells are linked to chronic pain involving peripheral tissue injury, nerve damage, and a systemic heightening of pain hyperalgesia that can result from chemotherapy.
A Word From Verywell Much of what we know, believe, or suspect about glial cells is new knowledge. Was this page helpful? Thanks for your feedback! Sign Up. What are your concerns? Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles.
Read our editorial process to learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy. Related Articles. Pilocytic Astrocytoma: Overview and More. What Is an Axon? Astrocytes: Anatomy, Location, and Function. The Role of the Myelin Sheath. Everything you need to know about your brain. Is Fibromyalgia an Autoimmune Disease? How Progesterone Promotes Brain Health. What Are Parkinson's Plus Syndromes? Site search Search. Site search Search Menu.
Types of glia. Home The Brain Brain anatomy. Oligodendrocytes Oligodendrocytes provide support to axons of neurons in the central nervous system, particularly those that travel long distances within the brain. They are involved in creating cerebrospinal fluid CSF. Radial glia : Radial glial cells are progenitor cells that can generate neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Peripheral Nervous System Schwann cells : Similar to oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system, Schwann cells myelinate neurons in the peripheral nervous system.
Satellite cells : Satellite cells surround neurons in the sensory, sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia and help regulate the chemical environment.
They may contribute to chronic pain.
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